Theoretical framework
Development Goals
Sustainable (ODS)
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, provides a common blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and in the future. At their core, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are an urgent call to action from all countries, in a global partnership.
END OF POVERTY
End poverty in all its forms everywhere
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1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people in the world, currently measured by an income per person of less than US $ 1.25 per day
1.2 By 2030, reduce by at least half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions
1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including minimum levels, and, by 2030, achieve broad coverage of the poor and vulnerable
1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, particularly the poor and vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control of land and other assets, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technologies and financial services, including microfinance
1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters
1.6 Ensure a significant mobilization of resources from various sources, including through improved development cooperation, in order to provide sufficient and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programs and policies aimed at ending poverty in all its dimensions
1.7 Create robust policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on gender-sensitive pro-poor development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication
ZERO HUNGER
End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
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2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achievement by 2025 of the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting of children under 5 years of age, and address nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and the elderly
HEALTH & WELLNESS
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
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3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age
3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health services, including family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programs
QUALITY EDUCATION
Ensure inclusive, equitable and quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
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4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have complete, free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education that produces relevant and effective learning outcomes
4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality services in early childhood care and development and preschool education, so that they are ready for primary education
4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access for vulnerable people, including people with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations, at all levels of education and vocational training
4.6 By 2030, ensure that all young people and at least [x] % of adults, both men and women, have literacy and numeracy skills
4.7 By 2030, ensure that all students acquire the knowledge and skills necessary to promote sustainable development, in particular through education for sustainable development and the adoption of sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, the promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, world citizenship and the appreciation of cultural diversity and the contribution of culture to sustainable development, among other means
GENDER EQUALITY
Achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls
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5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls around the world
5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation
5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation
5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights, in accordance with the Program of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of its review conferences
DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
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8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth who are not employed, pursuing education or receiving training
8.8 Protect labor rights and promote a safe and secure work environment for all workers, including migrant workers, particularly migrant women and people in precarious jobs
REDUCTION OF INEQUALITIES
Reduce inequality within and between countries
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10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, regardless of their age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic situation or other condition
10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality
10.7 Facilitate the orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, among other things through the application of planned and well-managed migration policies sagittis dolor sed venenatis scelerisque.
ACTION FOR THE CLIMATE
Take urgent action to combat climate change and its effects
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13.3 Improve education, awareness and human and institutional capacity in relation to climate change mitigation, adaptation, reduction of its effects and early warning
PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS
Facilitate access to justice for all and create effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
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16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates worldwide
16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking, torture and all forms of violence against children
16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and guarantee equal access to justice for all
16.7 Ensure inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making that responds to needs at all levels
16.8 Expand and strengthen the participation of developing countries in global governance institutions
16.9 By 2030, provide access to a legal identity for all, including birth registration
16.10 Guarantee public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national laws and international agreements
16.a Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, with a view to building capacity at all levels, particularly in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime
16.b Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies in favor of sustainable development
PARTNERSHIPS TO ACHIEVE THE GOALS
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17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to enhance national capacity to collect tax and other revenues
17.2 Ensure that developed countries fully comply with their commitments regarding official development assistance, including the commitment of many developed countries to meet the target of allocating 0.7% of gross national income to official development assistance for countries. developing countries and between 0.15% and 0.20% of gross national income to official development assistance to least developed countries; Providers of official development assistance are encouraged to consider setting a target to allocate at least 0.20% of gross national income to official development assistance to least developed countries
17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources from multiple sources for developing countries
17.5 Adopt and implement investment promotion systems in favor of least developed countries
17.6 Improve regional and international North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation in science, technology and innovation and access to them, and increase the exchange of knowledge under mutually agreed conditions, including by improving coordination between existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology clearing-house mechanism
17.9 Increase international support for effective and targeted capacity-building activities in developing countries to support national plans for the implementation of all Sustainable Development Goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation
17.14 Improve policy coherence for sustainable development
17.15 Respect the regulatory space and leadership of each country to establish and apply policies for the eradication of poverty and sustainable development
17.16 Enhance the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in all countries, particularly developing countries
17.17 Encourage and promote the establishment of effective alliances in the public, public-private and civil society spheres, taking advantage of the experience and the strategies for obtaining resources from the alliances
17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including least developed countries and small island developing States, to significantly increase the availability of high-quality, reliable and timely data disaggregated by income , sex, age, race, ethnic origin, immigration status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant to national contexts
17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop indicators to measure progress in sustainable development and complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity building in developing countries
The rights of girls, boys and adolescents in International Law
In the world, there are various global or regional government associations that carry out international cooperation efforts on various issues, such as the United Nations (UN) and the Organization of American States (OAS); From these associations or systems, bodies for cooperation in the field of human rights emerge that in turn issue or monitor the application of treaties: the UN has a Human Rights Council and nine bodies created under human rights treaties that monitor their application; while the OAS has the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), and a judicial body that is the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (CoIDH or Court).
Universal Human Rights System.
The instruments that make up the Universal Human Rights System (SUDH) are those derived from the United Nations Organization and from the bodies derived from the Organization for the protection and fulfillment of human rights.
- Charter of the United Nations, 1945
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 1948
International Treaties (also called Covenants, Conventions or Protocols) are the legal basis with the highest degree of binding force in international human rights law, and some contemplate the creation of specialized Bodies to ensure compliance with the Treaty. This is the case with the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) and the Committee on the Rights of the Child.
Inter-American Human Rights System
The Inter-American Human Rights System (SIDH) is the regional system for the protection of human rights that arises from the Organization of American States (OAS), and which is based on:
- The American Declaration of the Rights of Man (DADH) 1948
- The Charter of the OAS, 1948
- The American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), signed in 1969 and in force since 1978
The main organs of the SIDH are the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (I / A Court HR).
Although in the IACHR we do not find a particular instrument for the protection of the rights of girls, boys and adolescents, however, in the framework of its 100th regular period of sessions, held in 1998, the IACHR decided to create the Rapporteurship on the Rights of Childhood in order to strengthen respect for the human rights of children and adolescents in the Americas.
The expression corpus iuris
It is a contribution of the Inter-American Court to international doctrine, by stating in its advisory opinion OC-16/1999, that the corpus iuris of International Human Rights Law (IHLR) is made up of a set of international instruments of content and varied legal effects, whether these are treaties, agreements, resolutions or declarations.
In the judgment of the 1999 case known as the Street Children (Villagrán Morales et al. V. Guatemala), the Inter-American Court stated that both the American Convention and the Convention on the Rights of the Child were part of an international corpus iuris of child protection that served to establish content and the scope of the provisions in other instruments.
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
As the most widely ratified of all the UN human rights treaties, the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) has a unique authority that provides a framework to advance efforts that promote the rights of children and adolescents in all the world.
The CRC, approved on November 20, 1989, has represented an immediate challenge to understand how such a dense and comprehensive document could be used in everyday life by both rights holders as well as those responsible to secure and protect the provisions contained therein. in the.
Governments and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) sought guidance on how to incorporate the appropriate provisions and resources into their programs in order to monitor them in such a way that they could help ensure the desired results.
Based on international human rights standards, a framework known as a “Human Rights-Based Approach” (HRBA) has been conceptualized, which in the case of the CDN is aimed at promoting and protect the human rights of girls, boys and adolescents. This framework essentially consists of the adoption of the following key elements:
Socio-ecological approach
In the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, structural inequality has serious effects on girls, boys and adolescents and their immediate and long-term consequences for their development. Deep-rooted cultural norms and social pressures further exacerbate divisions, making girls, indigenous populations, children in institutional care, children with disabilities, LGBTTTI children, and migrant children, among others, into groups in situations. vulnerability and high risk.
In order to face the great challenges to guarantee the rights of all girls, boys and adolescents in the region, it is necessary to recognize the importance of addressing the problems from a socio-ecological approach (Bronfenbrenner, 1989) where the proposed solutions consider each level of intervention simultaneously: individual, interpersonal, community, institutional and socio-political.
The ultimate goal of the Human Rights-based approach is to help create a unified ecosystem between government and organized civil society that ensures that no girl, boy or adolescent is excluded from the opportunity to enjoy a happy childhood, in a safe environment. that guarantees its full development.